Weather forecasting traditionally relies on numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems that integrate global observations, data assimilation (DA), and physics-based models. However, further advances ...

Machine learning weather models trained on observed atmospheric conditions can outperform conventional physics-based models at short- to medium-range (1–14 day) forecast timescales. Here we take the ...

Space weather forecasting remains a major challenge in heliophysics, as geomagnetic storms continue to pose significant risks to satellite operations, power ...