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In medical diagnosis, conditional probability is a fundamental concept that allows healthcare professionals to determine the likelihood of a disease given the presence of certain symptoms or test ...

We elaborate on an alternative representation of conditional probability to the usual tree diagram. We term the representation “turtleback diagram” for its resemblance to the pattern on turtle shells.

To plan movements, we must incorporate knowledge of the state of our bodies within the current environment. For example, if we are standing in front of a wall, we cannot walk forwards; if our arm is ...